Ch 1 Emerging Trends Important Question Answer 12 Web Applications Code 803

Short Question Answer

Topic 1: Internet of Things (IoT)

1. What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?

Ans. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the internet-connected devices used to perform services and processes that support our way of life. It consists of objects embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity that enable them to collect and exchange data.

2. How has Cloud computing contributed to the success of IoT?

Ans. Cloud computing and storage have become easily accessible, acting as the front end of services offered by the Cloud. It allows users to perform computing tasks using services delivered entirely over the Internet.

3. List any four examples of IoT devices.

Ans.

1. Smart Refrigerators
2. Smart Watches
3. Autonomous Vehicles
4. Smart Speakers.

4. When and by whom was the term “IoT” coined?

Ans. The term “IoT” was coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999.

5. What was the first IoT device in history?

Ans. A Vending machine in 1982.

6. Mention four advantages of IoT.

Ans.

1. Improved efficiency and automation of tasks.
2. Increased convenience and accessibility of information.
3. Improved decision-making.
4. Cost savings.

7. What are the major disadvantages of IoT?

Ans.

1. Security concerns and potential for data breaches.
2. Privacy issues regarding personal data collection.
3. Dependence on technology and potential system failures.
4. Concerns about job displacement due to automation.

8. What led to the production of large amounts of data in the IoT ecosystem?

Ans. The rapid growth of IoT and the widespread connection of “things” led to the production of large amounts of data that needs to be stored, processed, and accessed.

Topic 2: Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

9. What is the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)?

Ans. IIoT describes the application of IoT technology in industrial settings. It involves integrating advanced sensors, software, and machinery with internet connectivity to collect and analyze data.

10. How does IIoT improve industrial operations?

Ans. IIoT enables real-time decision-making and predictive analytics. This leads to improved operational efficiency, reduced costs, improved product quality, and the ability to predict equipment failures.

11. Differentiate between IoT and IIoT.

Ans.

• IoT: A broader term for the interconnected network of devices (smart homes, wearables, etc.) that communicate via the internet.
• IIoT: A subset of IoT specifically for industrial applications (manufacturing, energy, transportation) focused on improving efficiency and safety.

12. List some sectors where IIoT is applied.

Ans.

1. Smart Manufacturing and Factories
2. Energy and Utilities
3. Transportation and Logistics
4. Healthcare.

13. What is the main focus of IIoT?

Ans. The focus is on enhancing industrial processes and operations through data-driven insights to create smarter and more profitable industrial operations.

Topic 3: Operating Systems (OS)

14. Define an Operating System.

Ans. An Operating System (OS) is an interface between the user and the computer system. It is software that performs basic tasks like file management, memory management, and controlling peripheral devices.

15. Name three examples of PC Operating Systems.

Ans.

1. Windows
2. GNU/Linux
3. MacOS.

16. What is a Mobile Operating System?

Ans. A Mobile OS is software designed to run on devices like mobile phones and tablets. They are designed to be lightweight and energy-efficient.

17. Give examples of Mobile Operating Systems.

Ans. Android, iOS, Blackberry OS, Symbian OS, Windows Mobile OS.

18. Explain the “Memory Management” function of an OS.

Ans. The OS manages primary memory by optimizing its usage. It allocates memory when a process requests it and deallocates it when the process is terminated or no longer needs it.

19. What is “Processor Management” or “CPU Scheduling”?

Ans. The OS manages processes (starting, stopping, scheduling). When multiple processes run, the OS decides how and when each process uses the CPU.

20. Explain “Device Management” in an OS.

Ans. The OS manages input/output devices (printers, keyboards, etc.) by providing necessary drivers and interfaces for communication between the devices and the computer.

21. What is the role of “File Management” in an OS?

Ans. The OS is responsible for organizing and managing the file system, including creating, deleting, and manipulating files and directories.

22. How does an OS handle “Network Management”?

Ans. It establishes and manages network connections, handles protocols, and allows the sharing of resources like printers and files over a network.

23. What is the difference between System Software and Application Software?

Ans. Difference between System software and Application software are:

• System Software: Acts as an interface between the system and applications; essential for the computer to work (e.g., Android, Windows).
• Application Software: Designed for user tasks; optional and installed as needed (e.g., Word Processor, Games).

24. List four advantages of an Operating System.

Ans. Advantages of an Operating System:

1. User-friendliness: Provides a GUI for ease of use.
2. Resource Sharing: Allocates resources effectively among processes.
3. Data Protection: Prevents unauthorized access and partitions user data.
4. Multitasking: Allows multiple programs to run simultaneously.

25. Which OS is used for Apple’s iPhone and iPad?

Ans. iOS.

Topic 4: Cloud Computing & Edge Computing

26. What is Cloud Computing?

Ans. Cloud computing refers to services provided over the Internet (the Cloud), including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, and analytics, offering resources on demand.

27. Who introduced the term “Cloud Computing”?

Ans. Google CEO Eric Schmidt introduced the term at an industry conference in 2006.

28. Explain the features of Google Drive.

Ans. Launched in 2012, it allows users to store, synchronize, and share files. It offers offline capabilities and provides 15 GB of free storage through Google One.

29. What is Dropbox?

Ans. A cloud storage service created in 2007 by MIT students. It allows secure file storage, access from anywhere, and features for file synchronization and collaboration.

30. What storage options does OneDrive offer?

Ans. OneDrive offers 5 GB of free storage. Paid options include 50 GB, 1 TB, and 5 TB, often bundled with Office 365.

31. What is iCloud?

Ans. Apple’s cloud storage service launched in 2011. It stores documents, photos, and music on remote servers and syncs them across iOS, macOS, and Windows devices.

32. List five benefits of Cloud Computing.

Ans.

1. Faster time to market (easy to test new ideas).
2. Scalability and flexibility.
3. Cost savings (pay for what you use).
4. Better collaboration (access data anywhere).
5. Advanced security features.

33. What are the limitations of Cloud Computing?

Ans.

1. Internet Connectivity: Requires an active internet connection to access data.
2. Vendor Lock-in: Difficulty in switching service providers.
3. Security: Potential risk of hacking if provider security is compromised.

34. What is Edge Computing?

Ans. Edge computing is the practice of capturing, processing, and analyzing data locally (near the client/source) rather than in a centralized data warehouse.

35. What is the main difference between Edge Computing and Cloud Computing?

Ans. The main difference is responsiveness. Edge computing processes data in real-time (locally), whereas cloud computing is better for voluminous, non-time-sensitive data processed in a data center.

36. Give examples of Edge Computing applications.

Ans. Wearables, smart utility grid analysis, safety monitoring of oil rigs, and drone-enabled crop management.

Topic 5: Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning (ML)

37. Define Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Ans. AI is the intelligence demonstrated by a machine, enabling it to simulate human behavior and solve complex problems.

38. List common applications of AI.

Ans. Google Maps, Facial Detection, Autocorrection, and Search Recommendations.

39. What is Machine Learning (ML)?

Ans. ML is a subset of AI that allows machines to automatically learn from past data without being explicitly programmed. It focuses on accuracy and patterns.

40. What are the three categories of AI?

Ans. Weak AI, General AI, and Strong AI.

41. What are the three categories of Machine Learning?

Ans. Supervised learning, Unsupervised learning, and Reinforcement learning.

42. Differentiate between AI and ML based on their goals.

Ans.

• AI Goal: To create an intelligent system that can perform various complex tasks like a human.
• ML Goal: To create machines that perform specific tasks for which they are trained, focusing on accuracy.

43. Give examples of Machine Learning applications.

Ans. Self-driving cars, practical speech recognition, effective web search, and understanding the human genome.

Topic 6: Digital Marketing

44. What is Digital Marketing?

Ans. Digital marketing, or online marketing, is the use of digital channels (search engines, social media, email, websites) to market products and connect brands with potential customers.

45. How is Digital Marketing different from traditional marketing?

Ans. Digital marketing is done in a digital space and allows for reaching a larger customer base with less effort and cost compared to traditional media like TV or print. It also provides analytics.

46. What are the benefits of Digital Marketing?

Ans. Benefits of Digital Marketing are

1. Global reach regardless of location.
2. Cost-effective (free social media accounts, cheaper than TV).
3. Provides valuable analytics (quantitative and qualitative data).
4. Engages customers at various buying stages (e.g., birthday wishes).

47. List four career opportunities in Digital Marketing.

Ans. Career opportunities in Digital Marketing are

1. Digital Marketing Intern
2. Copywriter
3. SEO Specialist
4. Marketing Analyst.

Topic 7: Social Media Etiquettes

48. What is Social Media Etiquette?

Ans. It refers to the guidelines individuals should follow to preserve their reputation online, focusing on respect and protecting intellectual property.

49. Why is it important to protect privacy online?

Ans. Sharing personal information like passwords, phone numbers, or addresses can lead to security risks. Everything shared online is permanent.

50. What is Cyberbullying and how should it be handled?

Ans. Cyberbullying is harassing or teasing others on social media. It should be avoided as there are strict laws against it. If targeted, one should not reply, save evidence, and report it to a parent, teacher, or police.

Long Answer Questions & Answers

Q1. Describe the evolution and history of the Internet of Things (IoT). Who coined the term?

Answer: The Internet of Things (IoT) has evolved significantly over decades.

• 1982: The concept began with a modified Coca-Cola vending machine at Carnegie Mellon University, which was the first internet-connected appliance. It could report its inventory and whether the drinks were cold.
• 1990: A toaster became the first recorded IoT device to be controlled over the internet.
• 1999: The term “Internet of Things” was officially coined by Kevin Ashton during a presentation at Procter & Gamble. He described a system where the internet is connected to the physical world via ubiquitous sensors.
• 2000: LG Electronics introduced the first smart refrigerator, the “Internet Digital DIOS.”
• 2008: The number of “things” connected to the internet exceeded the number of people on Earth.
• Current Era: Today, IoT encompasses smart homes (Alexa/Google Home), wearable technology (Smartwatches), and autonomous vehicles.

Q2. What is the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)? How is it different from consumer IoT?

Answer: Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT): IIoT refers to the application of IoT technology specifically in industrial settings like manufacturing, energy, and transportation. It uses advanced sensors and software to collect and analyze data from machines.

• Key Benefit: It enables “Predictive Maintenance,” where machines alert operators before they break down, saving huge costs and preventing accidents.

Difference between IoT and IIoT:

1. Focus: Consumer IoT focuses on human convenience (e.g., a smart bulb turning on). IIoT focuses on industrial efficiency, safety, and production output.
2. Criticality: A failure in consumer IoT (e.g., a smartwatch stops syncing) is inconvenient. A failure in IIoT (e.g., a power grid sensor failing) can be dangerous or disastrous.
3. Volume: IIoT handles much larger volumes of data for analysis compared to consumer devices.

Q3. Explain the four major functions of an Operating System (OS) in detail.

Answer: An Operating System acts as the manager of the computer’s resources. Its four main functions are:

1. Memory Management: The OS tracks how much memory (RAM) is used by each program. It allocates memory when a program starts and “de-allocates” (frees) it when the program closes to ensure the system runs smoothly.
2. Processor Management (CPU Scheduling): Since a computer runs many programs at once, the OS decides which task gets access to the CPU and for how long. This ensures that the computer doesn’t freeze while running multiple apps.
3. Device Management: The OS manages communication with hardware devices (printers, keyboards, mouse) using special software called “drivers.” It ensures the hardware responds to user commands.
4. File Management: The OS organizes data on the hard drive. It creates the structure for files and folders, allowing users to create, delete, move, copy, and search for their data easily.

Q4. Differentiate between Cloud Computing and Edge Computing. Why is Edge Computing becoming important?

Answer:

Feature	Cloud Computing	Edge Computing
Definition	Processing and storing data on remote servers over the internet.	Processing data locally (on the device or nearby) closer to where it is created.
Data Location	Data is sent to a centralized data center (Cloud).	Data remains near the “Edge” (the device itself).
Speed (Latency)	Slower response time because data travels back and forth to the server.	Extremely fast response time (Real-time) because data doesn’t travel far.
Use Case	Storing photos (Google Drive), hosting websites.	Self-driving cars, Traffic lights, factory robots.

Importance of Edge Computing:
Edge computing is crucial for technologies that need instant reactions. For example, a self-driving car cannot wait for a cloud server to tell it to brake; it must process that data instantly on the car itself to prevent accidents.

Q5. Explain the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI) versus Machine Learning (ML). give examples.

Answer:

• Artificial Intelligence (AI):
  • Definition: AI is a broad branch of computer science aiming to create machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence (thinking, reasoning, problem-solving).
  • Goal: To simulate human behavior.
  • Example: A chatbot responding to customer queries or Google Maps finding the fastest route.
• Machine Learning (ML):
  • Definition: ML is a specific subset of AI. It is the science of getting computers to act without being explicitly programmed. The machine “learns” from patterns in data.
  • Goal: To improve accuracy by learning from data.
  • Example: Netflix recommending movies based on your past history, or email filters learning to identify spam.
  • Note: All Machine Learning is AI, but not all AI is Machine Learning.

Q6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the Internet of Things (IoT)?

Answer: Advantages:

1. Efficiency: Automates routine tasks (e.g., smart sprinklers watering plants only when needed), saving time and resources.
2. Convenience: Allows remote access to devices (e.g., turning on AC before reaching home).
3. Cost Savings: Optimizes energy usage, leading to lower electricity bills.
4. Better Decision Making: Sensors provide accurate data, helping users make informed choices.

Disadvantages:

1. Security Risks: Connected devices can be hacked, leading to data theft or misuse (e.g., hacking a smart lock).
2. Privacy: IoT devices constantly collect personal data, raising privacy concerns.
3. Job Displacement: Automation in industries (IIoT) may reduce the need for manual labor.
4. Dependence: Over-reliance on technology means that if the internet or power fails, daily tasks may be disrupted.

Q7. Write a short note on popular Cloud Storage providers: Google Drive, Dropbox, and OneDrive.

Answer:

1. Google Drive:
   • Launched in 2012 by Google.
   • Offers 15 GB of free storage (shared across Gmail and Photos).
   • Allows users to create, edit, and share documents online. Excellent for collaboration.
2. Dropbox:
   • Founded in 2007 by MIT students.
   • Known for its simplicity and reliable file synchronization.
   • It creates a folder on your computer that automatically syncs with the cloud.
3. OneDrive:
   • Provided by Microsoft.
   • Offers 5 GB of free storage.
   • Integrated directly into Windows 10/11 and Microsoft Office, making it seamless for saving Word/Excel documents directly to the cloud.

Q8. What is Digital Marketing? List its benefits over traditional marketing.

Answer: Digital Marketing refers to advertising products or services using digital channels like search engines (Google), social media (Facebook/Instagram), email, and websites.

Benefits over Traditional Marketing (TV/Newspaper):

1. Global Reach: A small business can reach customers anywhere in the world, not just locals.
2. Cost-Effective: Running a Facebook ad campaign is much cheaper than buying a TV commercial or a billboard.
3. Targeted Audience: You can show ads only to people interested in your specific product (e.g., showing sports shoes only to athletes), whereas a TV ad is shown to everyone.
4. Measurable Results: You can track exactly how many people clicked your ad, how many bought the product, and calculate the Return on Investment (ROI) accurately.

Q9. Discuss Social Media Etiquettes. What are the key rules a student should follow to stay safe online?

Answer: Social Media Etiquette (Netiquette) refers to the code of polite and safe behavior while communicating online. Key Rules for Students:

1. Protect Personal Privacy: Never share sensitive details like your home address, phone number, or school name publicly. Hackers or stalkers can misuse this.
2. No Cyberbullying: Never post mean, hurtful, or threatening comments. If you witness bullying, report it instead of participating.
3. Think Before You Post: Remember that the internet is permanent. A rude post made in anger can stay forever and damage your reputation later in life.
4. Verify Information: Do not blindly share news or rumors. Fake news spreads potential panic. Always check the source before forwarding.
5. Respect Intellectual Property: Do not claim others’ work (photos, art, homework) as your own. Give credit where it is due.

Q10. Compare System Software and Application Software with examples.

Answer:

Feature	System Software	Application Software
Definition	Software designed to run the computer’s hardware and application programs. It is the “background” software.	Software designed for the end-user to perform specific tasks.
Necessity	Essential. The computer cannot run without it.	Optional. Installed only if the user needs it.
Interaction	Interacts directly with the hardware.	Interacts with the user and the System Software.
Examples	Operating Systems (Windows, Android, iOS), Device Drivers.	MS Word, Games (PubG), Photo Editors, Web Browsers (Chrome).

---

• 👉 Ch 1. Emerging Trends: << 50+ Important Multiple Choice Questions >>
• 👉 Ch 1. Emerging Trends: << 50+ Important Question Answer >>
• 👉 Ch 1. Emerging Trends: << NCERT Book Exercise Solution >>
• 👉 Class 12 Web Application Code 803: << Study Material >>

---