Unit 8 AI Ethics and Values Class 11 AI Code 843 Book Solution
CBSE/NCERT BOOK EXERCISES
A. Multiple Choice / Objective Type Questions
1. What is the primary focus of AI ethics?
a. Ensuring AI systems are efficient and error-free
b. Guiding the development and use of AI technologies according to ethical principles
c. Maximizing the profitability of AI technologies
d. Focusing solely on the technological advancements in AI
Ans:- b. Guiding the development and use of AI technologies according to ethical principles
2. Which ethical principle is concerned with fairness and justice in AI systems?
a. Transparency b. Accountability c. Bias and fairness d. Privacy
Ans:- c. Bias and fairness
3. What role does transparency play in AI ethics?
a. Ensuring AI systems are invisible to users
b. Making the AI decision-making process clear and understandable
c. Keeping the AI technologies a secret
d. None of the above
Ans:- b. Making the AI decision-making process clear and understandable
4. What is a major ethical concern related to AI and privacy?
a. AI systems improving data security automatically
b. AI technologies accessing and using personal data without consent
c. AI enhancing user privacy by default
d. None of the above
Ans:- b. AI technologies accessing and using personal data without consent
5. How can bias in AI systems impact society?
a. By making AI systems more efficient
b. By perpetuating and exacerbating existing inequalities
c. By improving fairness and justice automatically
d. None of the above
Ans:- b. By perpetuating and exacerbating existing inequalities
6. Which of the following strategies is suggested for mitigating bias in AI systems?
a. Ignoring the bias
b. Increasing the complexity of AI algorithms
c. Regular audits and inclusive data practices
d. Focusing solely on the technological aspects
Ans:- c. Regular audits and inclusive data practices
7. What is the purpose of ethical frameworks and guidelines in AI?
a. To restrict the development of AI technologies
b. To ensure AI development aligns with human values and ethical principles
c. To make AI systems less transparent
d. None of the above
Ans:- b. To ensure AI development aligns with human values and ethical principles
8. Who is responsible for ensuring the ethical use of AI systems?
a. AI developers only
b. Government bodies only
c. Users only
d. All stakeholders, including developers, governments, and users
Ans:- d. All stakeholders, including developers, governments, and users
9. What is an example of AI assisting humanity as mentioned in the unit?
a. Reducing energy efficiency in buildings
b. Enhancing mental health care through AI-powered chatbots
c. Increasing bias in hiring processes
d. Decreasing crop yield predictions accuracy
Ans:- b. Enhancing mental health care through AI-powered chatbots
10. What is the role of AI ethics in the context of autonomous vehicles?
a. To ensure vehicles are aesthetically pleasing
b. To navigate ethical dilemmas such as decision-making in critical situations
c. To make autonomous vehicles less safe
d. None of the above
Ans:- b. To navigate ethical dilemmas such as decision-making in critical situations
B. True False Questions
1. Ethical considerations in AI are only relevant for AI researchers and developers.
Ans:- False
2. Bias in AI systems can lead to unfair and discriminatory outcomes.
Ans:- True
3. Transparency in AI systems means making the algorithm’s code publicly available.
Ans:- False
4. Bias in AI systems can lead to unfair outcomes and reinforce existing societal inequalities.
Ans:- True
5. Transparency is not important in AI decision-making processes as long as the outcomes are beneficial.
Ans:- False
6. Understanding the fundamental concepts of ethics is irrelevant in the context of artificial intelligence.
Ans:- False
7. Analyzing real-world examples of AI bias provides insights into the ethical challenges in AI development.
Ans:- True
8. Identifying bias in AI systems has no impact on society.
Ans:- False
9. Evaluating strategies to mitigate bias in AI systems is unnecessary.
Ans:- False
10. The ability to critically analyze the ethical implications of AI technologies does not require considering their impact on society.
Ans:- False
C. Fill in the Blanks Questions
1. Understanding the fundamental principles of ethics is crucial to applying ethical considerations in the field of _________________________.
Ans:- Artificial Intelligence
2. The ability to critically analyze the ethical implications of AI decision-making processes requires a deep understanding of their ______ on individuals and society.
Ans:- Individuals
3. Investigating various types of bias in AI systems enables students to understand their ___________ implications.
Ans:- Societal
4. ________ in AI systems can lead to unfair and discriminatory outcomes, making it essential to address issues of bias, fairness, and equity.
Ans:- Bias
5. In the context of AI, _________ is important for making the decision-making processes of AI systems clear and understandable to users.
Ans:-Clear
D. Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is algorithmic bias, and can you give an example?
Ans. Algorithmic bias occurs when AI systems display prejudice in their output, such as facial recognition software misidentifying individuals from certain ethnic groups more frequently than others.
2. How can bias in AI systems be reduced?
Ans. Implementing regular audits of AI algorithms and training data can identify and correct biases, ensuring the AI’s decisions are fair and equitable across all user groups.
3. Define AI ethics.
Ans. AI ethics involves the principles and values guiding the development, deployment, and use of artificial intelligence technologies to ensure they benefit society while minimizing harm and respecting human rights.
4. Why is transparency important in AI systems?
Ans. Transparency in AI systems is crucial for users to understand and trust AI decision making processes, ensuring accountability and enabling scrutiny for potential biases or errors.
5. How can AI impact privacy and data protection?
Ans. AI technologies can infringe on privacy by collecting, analyzing, and sharing personal data without adequate consent, highlighting the need for robust data protection measures.
6. What role does fairness play in AI systems?
Ans. Fairness in AI systems aims to ensure equitable treatment and outcomes for all individuals, preventing discrimination based on race, gender, or other characteristics.
7. How can ethical dilemmas in AI be addressed?
Ans. Ethical dilemmas in AI can be addressed through the application of ethical frameworks, stakeholder engagement, and the development of policies that prioritize human welfare.
8. What strategies can mitigate bias in AI?
Ans. Mitigating bias in AI involves diverse data collection, algorithmic transparency, fairness audits, and continuous monitoring to identify and correct biases.
9. What challenges do policymakers face in regulating AI?
Ans. Policymakers face challenges in regulating AI, including keeping up with rapid technological advancements, balancing innovation with ethical considerations, and addressing global disparities in AI governance.
E. Case Study Analysis
Scenario:
A technology company has been contracted to develop a sophisticated facial recognition system intended for law enforcement applications. This system is designed to assist in identifying suspects by matching their facial features against a database. Initially celebrated for its high level of accuracy and efficiency in processing and identifying faces, the system, however, has come under scrutiny after reports emerged that it disproportionately misidentifies people of color. Investigations revealed that the misidentification rate for individuals of color was significantly higher than for white individuals, leading to a higher incidence of wrongful detentions and arrests among these communities. Further analysis indicated that the training data used to develop the algorithm lacked sufficient diversity, predominantly featuring faces of white individuals. This oversight has not only raised questions about racial bias inherent in AI technologies but also about the ethical implications of deploying such systems in sensitive areas like law enforcement without thorough vetting for fairness and impartiality.
1. What ethical problems are evident in this scenario?
Ans. The scenario highlights ethical concerns including racial bias in technological applications, the risk of wrongful arrests due to biased AI, and the potential violation of rights for people of color.
2. What is one ethical approach to mitigate the bias found in the facial recognition system without compromising its accuracy?
Ans. An ethical solution involves enhancing the diversity of the dataset used to train the facial recognition system, ensuring it accurately represents all racial groups. This would
reduce bias while preserving the system’s overall accuracy.
3. How does the lack of diversity in training data contribute to the problem of algorithmic bias in this scenario?
Ans. The lack of diversity in the training data has directly contributed to the algorithmic bias by failing to accurately represent the variety of human facial features across different races, leading to the system’s inability to correctly identify individuals of color.
4. What measures can be taken to ensure that the deployment of AI systems in law enforcement is both ethical and effective?
Ans. To ensure the ethical and effective deployment of AI systems in law enforcement,comprehensive measures such as implementing strict regulatory standards, conducting regular bias audits, and involving diverse groups in the system’s development and evaluation process are crucial.
5. Discuss the potential long-term impacts on public trust and societal fairness if biases in AI systems like facial recognition are not addressed.
Ans. If biases in AI systems remain unaddressed, it can lead to a significant erosion of public trust, particularly among marginalized communities disproportionately affected by such biases. Over time, this may exacerbate social inequalities and injustice, undermining the legitimacy of law enforcement agencies and the broader justice system.
F. Ethical Dilemma
Read the following ethical dilemma and provide your response:
In a complex urban environment, an autonomous vehicle faces an imminent collision dilemma.The vehicle’s path is obstructed by a pedestrian who has unexpectedly entered the roadway, violating traffic signals. Simultaneously, to the vehicle’s side, a group of cyclists legally occupies the bike lane. The vehicle’s AI must make an instantaneous decision: continue on its trajectory, risking harm to the pedestrian, or alter its course, endangering the cyclists. This decision-making process involves critical ethical considerations, including the valuation of human life, the assessment of potential harm, and the prioritization of legal and moral obligations in split-second scenarios.
Discussion Question:
Consider the ethical dilemmas presented by AI technologies and explore how lawmakers, business leaders, and the public can work together to tackle these issues and encourage the ethical creation and implementation of AI.
Ans. Reflecting on the ethical challenges posed by AI technologies, especially in autonomous vehicle dilemmas, requires a multifaceted approach from policymakers, industry stakeholders, and the public. To navigate these challenges and foster responsible AI development and deployment, collaboration across these groups is essential. Policymakers should establish clear ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks that mandate safety, transparency, and accountability in AI systems. Industry stakeholders must commit to ethical AI development practices, prioritizing inclusivity in testing phases
to ensure diverse scenarios and outcomes are considered.
Moreover, public engagement through education and dialogue can inform more nuanced AI ethics policies and encourage societal acceptance of AI technologies. Together, these efforts can lead to the development of AI systems that are not only technologically advanced but also ethically responsible and socially beneficial.
F. Competency Based Question
1. Imagine you are a data scientist working on training an AI model for facial recognition. During the development phase, you discover that the AI system shows a significant bias against individuals with darker skin tones, leading to higher error rates in identifying them accurately. As an ethical data scientist, how would you approach this issue to ensure fairness and minimize discrimination in the facial recognition AI model?”
Ans:-Train the AI model with a diverse dataset including samples from various skin tones to address bias.
2. You’re developing an AI for self-driving cars. In an emergency, the car must decide between hitting pedestrians or swerving and risking passenger safety. What factors would you consider when programming this ethical dilemma?
Ans:– When programming an AI system for autonomous vehicles to make split-second ethical decisions, several factors need consideration to prioritize between the safety of passengers and pedestrians:
Safety Metrics and Risk Assessment, Ethical Principles and Guidelines, Contextual Awareness, Legal and Regulatory Compliance
3. A company develops an AI algorithm for automated hiring processes. Concerns are raised about the lack of transparency in how the algorithm makes hiring decisions, leading to potential biases and discrimination. As an AI ethics expert, how would you advocate for greater transparency in AI algorithms used for hiring? What measures would you recommend to ensure fairness and accountability in automated hiring systems?
Ans:– Here’s how we can push for fairer AI hiring:
- Show, don’t tell: Let candidates see the factors the AI considers during selection Explain why they were chosen or not (when possible).
- Measure for fairness: Track how the AI treats different groups of applicants. Regularly check for hidden biases.
- Many minds are better: Include HR professionals, ethics experts, and even job seekers in developing and testing the AI. This ensures it’s fair and accountable.
4. As a product manager for a gaming company, you are tasked with designing an AIpowered chatbot to engage users with interactive stories and personalized gaming experiences. How would you approach the design process to ensure the chatbot provides engaging and personalized experiences? Additionally, what strategies would you implement to address potential biases in the chatbot’s decision-making algorithms, particularly concerning fairness and inclusivity?”
Ans:– Designing an AI-powered chatbot for a gaming company would involve creating interactive stories, personalized gaming experiences, and engaging user interactions. This could include features such as character customization, in-game assistance and tips, progress tracking, and social integration for multiplayer experiences. To address potential biases in decision-making algorithms, the chatbot’s training data would be curated carefully to avoid stereotypes or discriminatory patterns. Regular testing and user feedback would also be essential to refine the chatbot’s performance and ensure an immersive gaming experience for users.
5. Scenario: You are presented with a scenario on the Moral Machine where an autonomous vehicle must choose between swerving to avoid hitting a group of elderly pedestrians or staying the course and potentially harming younger pedestrians.
Question: How would you approach making such a decision in the context of programming AI systems for autonomous vehicles? What ethical principles would you prioritize?
Ans:– Consider factors like age, vulnerability, and potential impact of injuries to make a balanced decision.
